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论语11 先进篇第十一

发布时间:2020-05-16 浏览次数:3509

 

先进篇第十一

 

本篇共有26章,其中著名的文句有:“未能事人,焉能事鬼?”“未知生,焉知死”;“过犹不及”等。这一篇中包括孔子对弟子们的评价,并以此为例说明“过犹不及”的中庸思想;学习各种知识与日后做官的关系;孔子对待鬼神、生死问题的态度。最后一章里,孔子和他的学生们各述其志向,反映出孔子政治思想上的倾向。

 

111 子曰:“先进(1)于礼乐,野人(2)也;后进(3)于礼乐,君子(4)也。如用之,则吾从先进。”

 

【注释】

(1)先进:指先学习礼乐而后再做官的人。

(2)野人:朴素粗鲁的人或指乡野平民。

(3)后进:先做官后学习礼乐的人。

(4)君子:这里指统治者。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“先学习礼乐而后再做官的人,是(原来没有爵禄的)平民;先当了官然后再学习礼乐的人,是君子。如果要先用人才,那我主张选用先学习礼乐的人。”

 

【评析】

在西周时期,人们因社会地位和居住地的不同,就有了贵族、平民和乡野之人的区分。孔子这里认为,那些先当官,即原来就有爵禄的人,在为官以前,没有接受礼乐知识的系统教育,还不知道怎样为官,便当上了官。这样的人是不可选用的。而那些本来没有爵禄的平民,他们在当官以前已经全面系统地学习了礼乐知识,然后就知道怎样为官,怎样当一个好官。

 

112 子曰:“从我于陈、蔡(1)者,皆不及门(2)也。”

 

【注释】

(1)陈、蔡:均为国名。

(2)不及门:门,这里指受教的场所。不及门,是说不在跟前受教。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“曾跟随我从陈国到蔡地去的学生,现在都不在我身边受教了。”

 

【评析】

公元前489年,孔子和他的学生从陈国到蔡地去。途中,他们被陈国的人们所包围,绝粮7天,许多学生饿得不能行走。当时跟随他的学生有子路、子贡、颜渊等人。公元前484年,孔子回鲁国以后,子路、子贡等先后离开了他,颜回也死了。所以,孔子时常想念他们。这句话,就反映了孔子的这种心情。

 

113 德行(1):颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。言语(2):宰我、子贡。政事(3):冉有、季路。文学(4):子游、子夏。

 

【注释】

(1)德行:指能实行孝悌、忠恕等道德。

(2)言语:指善于辞令,能办理外交。

(3)政事:指能从事政治事务。

(4)文学:指通晓书礼乐等古代文献。

 

【译文】

德行好的有:颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。善于辞令的有:宰我、子贡。擅长政事的有:冉有、季路。通晓文献知识的有:子游、子夏。

 

114 子曰:“回也非助我者也,于吾言无所不说。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“颜回不是对我有帮助的人,他对我说的话没有不心悦诚服的。”

 

【评析】

颜回是孔子得意门生之一,在孔子面前始终是服服贴贴、毕恭毕敬的,对于孔子的学说深信不疑、全面接受。所以,孔子多次赞扬颜回。这里,孔子说颜回“非助我者”,并不是责备颜回,而是在得意地赞许他。

 

115 子曰:“孝哉闵子骞!人不间(1)于其父母昆(2)弟之言。”

 

【注释】

(1)间:非难、批评、挑剔。

(2)昆:哥哥,兄长。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“闵子骞真是孝顺呀!人们对于他的父母兄弟称赞他的话,没有什么异议。”

 

116 南容三复白圭(1),孔子以其兄之子妻之。

 

【注释】

(1)白圭:白圭指《诗经•大雅•抑之》的诗句:“白圭之玷,尚可磨也,斯兰之玷,不可为也”意思是白玉上的污点还可以磨掉,我们言论中有毛病,就无法挽回了。这是告诫人们要谨慎自己的言语。

 

【译文】

南容反复诵读“白圭之玷,尚可磨也;斯言不玷,不可为也。”的诗句。孔子把侄女嫁给了他。

 

【评析】

儒家从孔子开始,极力提倡“慎言”,不该说的话绝对不说。因为,白玉被玷污了,还可以把它磨去,而说错了的话,则无法挽回。希望人们言语要谨慎。这里,孔子把自己的侄女嫁给了南容,表明他很欣赏南容的慎言。

 

117 季康子问:“弟子孰为好学?”孔子对曰:“有颜回者好学,不幸短命死矣,今也则亡。”

 

【译文】

季康子问孔子:“你的学生中谁是好学的?”孔子回答说:“有一个叫颜回的学生很好学,不幸短命死了。现在再也没有像他那样的了。”

 

118 颜渊死,颜路(1)请子之车以为之椁(2)。子曰:“才不才,亦各言其子也。鲤(3)也死,有棺而无椁。吾不徒行以为之椁。以吾从大夫之后(4),不可徒行也。”

 

【注释】

(1)颜路:“颜无繇(yóu),字路,颜渊的父亲,也是孔子的学生,生于公元前545年。

(2)椁:音guǒ,古人所用棺材,内为棺,外为椁。

(3)鲤:孔子的儿子,字伯鲁,死时50岁,孔子70岁。

(4)从大夫之后:跟随在大夫们的后面,意即当过大夫。孔子在鲁国曾任司寇,是大夫一级的官员。

 

【译文】

颜渊死了,(他的父亲)颜路请求孔子卖掉车子,给颜渊买个外椁。孔子说:“(虽然颜渊和鲤)一个有才一个无才,但各自都是自己的儿子。孔鲤死的时候,也是有棺无椁。我没有卖掉自己的车子步行而给他买椁。因为我还跟随在大夫之后,是不可以步行的。”

 

【评析】

颜渊是孔子的得意门生。孔子多次高度称赞颜渊,认为他有很好的品德,又好学上进。颜渊死了,他的父亲颜路请孔子卖掉自己的车子,给颜渊买椁。尽管孔子十分悲痛,但他却不愿意卖掉车子。因为他曾经担任过大夫一级的官员,而大夫必须有自己的车子,不能步行,否则就违背了礼的规定。这一章反映了孔子对礼的严谨态度。

 

 

119 颜渊死,子曰:“噫!天丧予!天丧予!”

 

【译文】

颜渊死了,孔子说:“唉!是老天爷真要我的命呀!是老天爷真要我的命呀!”

 

1110 颜渊死,子哭之恸(1)。从者曰:“子恸矣。”曰:“有恸乎?非夫(2)人之为恸而谁为?”

 

【注释】

(1)恸:哀伤过度,过于悲痛。

(2)夫:音fú,指示代词,此处指颜渊。

 

【译文】

颜渊死了,孔子哭得极其悲痛。跟随孔子的人说:“您悲痛过度了!”孔子说:“是太悲伤过度了吗?我不为这个人悲伤过度,又为谁呢?”

 

1111 颜渊死,门人欲厚葬(1)之,子曰:“不可。”门人厚葬之。子曰:“回也视予犹父也,予不得视犹子也(2)。非我也,夫(3)二三子也。”

 

【注释】

(1)厚葬:隆重地安葬。

(2)予不得视犹子也:我不能把他当亲生儿子一样看待。

(3)夫:语助词。

 

【译文】

颜渊死了,孔子的学生们想要隆重地安葬他。孔子说:“不能这样做。”学生们仍然隆重地安葬了他。孔子说:“颜回把我当父亲一样看待,我却不能把他当亲生儿子一样看待。这不是我的过错,是那些学生们干的呀。”

 

【评析】

孔子说:“予不得视犹子也”,这句话的意思是,不能像对待自己亲生的儿子那样,按照礼的规定,对他予以安葬。他的学生仍隆重地埋葬了颜渊,孔子说,这不是自己的过错,而是学生们做的。这仍是表明孔子遵从礼的原则,即使是在厚葬颜渊的问题上,仍是如此。

 

1112 季路问事鬼神。子曰:“未能事人,焉能事鬼?”曰:“敢问死。”曰:“未知生,焉知死?”

 

【译文】

季路问怎样去事奉鬼神。孔子说:“没能事奉好人,怎么能事奉鬼呢?”季路说:“请问死是怎么回事?”(孔子回答)说:“还不知道活着的道理,怎么能知道死呢?”

 

【评析】

孔子这里讲的“事人”,指事奉君父。在君父活着的时候,如果不能尽忠尽孝,君父死后也就谈不上孝敬鬼神,他希望人们能够忠君孝父。本章表明了孔子在鬼神、生死问题上的基本态度,他不信鬼神,也不把注意力放在来世,或死后的情形上,在君父生前要尽忠尽孝,至于对待鬼神就不必多提了。这一章为他所说的“敬鬼神而远之”做了注脚。

 

1113 闵子侍侧,訚訚(1)如也;子路,行行(2)如也;冉有、子贡,侃侃(3)如也。子乐。“若由也,不得其死然。”

 

【注释】

(1)訚訚:音yín,和颜悦色的样子。

(2)行行:音hàng,刚强的样子。

(3)侃侃:说话理直气壮。

 

【译文】

闵子骞侍立在孔子身旁,一派和悦而温顺的样子;子路是一副刚强的样子;冉有、子贡是温和快乐的样子。孔子高兴了。但孔子又说:“像仲由这样,只怕不得好死吧!”

 

【评析】

子路这个人有勇无谋,尽管他非常刚强。孔子一方面为他的这些学生各有特长而高兴,但又担心子路,惟恐他不会有好的结果。师之爱生,人之常情。孔子的这种担心,就说明了这一点。

 

1114 鲁人(1)为长府(2)。闵子骞曰:“仍旧贯(3),如之何?何必改作?”子曰:“夫人(4)不言,言必有中。”

 

【注释】

(1)鲁人:这里指鲁国的当权者。这就是人和民的区别。

(2)为长府:为,这里是改建的意思。藏财货、兵器等的仓库叫“府”,长府是鲁国的国库名。

(3)仍旧贯:贯:事,例。沿袭老样子。

(4)夫人:夫,音fú,这个人。

 

【译文】

鲁国翻修长府的国库。闵子骞道:“照老样子下去,怎么样?何必改建呢?”孔子道:“这个人平日不大开口,一开口就说到要害上。”

 

 

1115 子曰:“由之瑟(1)奚为于丘之门(2)?”门人不敬子路。子曰:“由也升堂矣,未入于室(3)也。”

 

【注释】

(1)瑟:音sè,一种古乐器,与古琴相似。

(2)奚为于丘之门:奚,为什么。为,弹。为什么在我这里弹呢?

(3)升堂入室:堂是正厅,室是内室,用以形容学习程度的深浅。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“仲由弹瑟,为什么在我这里弹呢?”孔子的学生们因此都不尊敬子路。孔子便说:“仲由嘛,他在学习上已经达到升堂的程度了,只是还没有入室罢了。”

 

【评析】

这一段文字记载了孔子对子路的评价。他先是用责备的口气批评子路,当其它门人都不尊敬子路时,他便改口说子路已经登堂尚未入室。这是就演奏乐器而言的。孔子对学生的态度应该讲是比较客观的,有成绩就表扬,有过错就反对,让学生认识到自己的不足,同时又树立起信心,争取更大的成绩。

 

1116 子贡问:“师与商(1)也孰贤?”子曰:“师也过,商也不及。”曰:“然则师愈(2)与?”子曰:“过犹不及。”

 

【注释】

(1)师与商:师,颛孙师,即子张。商,卜商,即子夏。

(2)愈:胜过,强些。

 

【译文】

子贡问孔子:“子张和子夏二人谁更好一些呢?”孔子回答说:“子张过份,子夏不足。”子贡说:“那么是子张好一些吗?”孔子说:“过分和不足是一样的。”

 

【评析】

“过犹不及”即中庸思想的具体说明。《中庸》说,过犹不及为中。“道之不行也,我知之矣。知者过之,愚者不及也。道之不明也,我知之矣。贤者过之,不肖者不及也。”“执其两端,用其中于民,其斯以为舜乎?”这是说,舜于两端取其中,既非过,也非不及,以中道教化百姓,所以为大圣。这就是对本章孔子“过犹不及”的具体解释。既然子张做得过份、子夏做得不足,那么两人都不好,所以孔子对此二人的评价就是:“过犹不及”。

 

1117 季氏富于周公(1),而求也为之聚敛(2)而附益(3)之。子曰:“非吾徒也。小子鸣鼓而攻之(4)可也。”

【注释】

(1)季氏富于周公:季氏比周朝的公侯还要富有。

(2)聚敛:积聚和收集钱财,即搜刮。

(3)益:增加。

 

【译文】

季氏比周朝的公侯还要富有,而冉求还帮他搜刮来增加他的钱财。孔子说:“他不是我的学生了,你们可以大张旗鼓地去攻击他吧!”

 

【评析】

鲁国的三家曾于公元前562年将公室,即鲁国国君直辖的土地和附属于土地上的奴隶瓜分,季氏分得三分之一,并用封建的剥削方式取代了奴隶制的剥削方式。公元前537年,三家第二次瓜分公室,季氏分得四分之二。由于季氏推行了新的政治和经济措施,所以很快富了起来。孔子的学生冉求帮助季氏积敛钱财,搜刮人民,所以孔子很生气,表示不承认冉求是自己的学生,而且让其他学生打着鼓去声讨冉求。

 

1118 (1)也愚(2),参也鲁(3),师也辟(4),由也喭(5)

 

【注释】

(1)柴:高柴,字子羔,孔子学生,比孔子小30岁,公元前521年出生。

(2)愚:旧注云:愚直之愚,指愚而耿直,不是傻的意思。

(3)鲁:迟钝。

(4)辟:音pì,偏,偏激,邪。

(5)喭:音yàn,鲁莽,粗鲁,刚猛。

 

【译文】

高柴愚直,曾参迟钝,颛孙师偏激,仲由鲁莽。

 

【评析】

孔子认为,他的这些学生各有所偏,不合中行,对他们的品质和德行必须加以纠正。这一段同样表达了孔子的中庸思想。中庸是一种折衷调和思想,调和与折衷是事物发展过程中的一种状态,这种状态是相对的、暂时的。孔子揭示了事物发展过程的这一状态,并概括为“中庸”,这在中国古代认识史上是有贡献的。

 

1119 子曰:“回也其庶(1)乎,屡空(2)。赐不受命,而货殖(3)焉,亿(4)则屡中。”

 

【注释】

(1)庶:庶几,相近。这里指颜渊的学问道德接近于完善。

(2)空:贫困、匮乏。

(3)货殖:做买卖。

(4)亿:同“臆”,猜测,估计。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“颜回的学问道德接近于完善了吧,可是他常常贫困。端本赐不听命运的安排,去做买卖,猜测行情,往往猜中了。”

 

【评析】

这一章,孔子对颜回学问道德接近于完善却在生活上常常贫困深感遗憾。同时,他对子贡不听命运的安排去经商致富反而感到不满,这在孔子看来,是极其不公正的。

 

1120 子张问善人(1)之道,子曰:“不践迹(2),亦不入于室(3)。”

 

【注释】

(1)善人:指本质善良但没有经过学习的人。

(2)践迹:迹,脚印。踩着前人的脚印走。

(3)入于室:比喻学问和修养达到了精深地步。

 

【译文】

子张问做善人的方法。孔子说:“如果不沿着前人的脚印走,其学问和修养就不到家。

 

1121 子曰:“论笃是与(1),君子者乎?色庄者乎?”

 

【注释】

(1)论笃是与:论,言论。笃,诚恳。与,赞许。意思是对说话笃实诚恳的人表示赞许。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“听到人议论笃实诚恳就表示赞许,但还应看他是真君子呢?还是伪装庄重的人呢?”

 

【评析】

孔子希望他的学生们不但要说话笃实诚恳,而且要言行一致。在第五篇第10章中曾有“听其言而观其行”的说法,表明孔子在观察别人的时候,不仅要看他说话时诚恳的态度,而且要看他的行动。言行一致才是真君子。

 

1122 子路问:“闻斯行诸(1)?”子曰:“有父兄在,如之何其闻斯行之?”冉有问:“闻斯行诸?”子曰:“闻斯行之。”公西华曰:“由也问闻斯行诸,子曰,‘有父兄在’;求也问闻斯行诸,子曰,‘闻斯行之’。赤也惑,敢问。”子曰:“求也退,故进之;由也兼人(2),故退之。”

 

【注释】

(1)诸:“之乎”二字的合音。

(2)兼人:好勇过人。

 

【译文】

子路问:“听到了就行动起来吗?”孔子说:“有父兄在,怎么能听到就行动起来呢?”冉有问:“听到了就行动起来吗?”孔子说:“听到了就行动起来。”公西华说:“仲由问‘听到了就行动起来吗?’你回答说‘有父兄健在’,冉求问‘听到了就行动起来吗?’你回答‘听到了就行动起来’。我被弄糊涂了,敢再问个明白。”孔子说:“冉求总是退缩,所以我鼓励他;仲由好勇过人,所以我约束他。”

 

【评析】

这是孔子把中庸思想贯穿于教育实践中的一个具体事例。在这里,他要自己的学生不要退缩,也不要过头冒进,要进退适中。所以,对于同一个问题,孔子针对子路与冉求的不同情况作了不同回答。同时也生动地反映了孔子教育方法的一个特点,即因材施教。

 

1123 子畏于匡,颜渊后。子曰:“吾以女为死矣。”曰:“子在,回何敢死?”

 

【译文】

孔子在匡地受到当地人围困,颜渊最后才逃出来。孔子说:“我以为你已经死了呢。”颜渊说:“夫子还活着,我怎么敢死呢?”

 

1124 季子然(1)问:“仲由、冉求可谓大臣与?”子曰:“吾以子为异之问,曾(2)由与求之间。所谓大臣者,以道事君,不可则止。今由与求也,可谓具臣(3)矣。”曰:“然则从之(4)者与?”子曰:“弑父与君,亦不从也。”

 

【注释】

(1)季子然:鲁国季氏的同族人。

(2)曾:乃。

(3)具臣:普通的臣子。

(4)之:代名词,这里指季氏。当时冉求和子路都是季氏的家臣。

 

【译文】

季子然问:“仲由和冉求可以算是大臣吗?孔子说:“我以为你是问别人,原来是问由和求呀。所谓大臣是能够用周公之道的要求来事奉君主,如果这样不行,他宁肯辞职不干。现在由和求这两个人,只能算是充数的臣子罢了。”季子然说:“那么他们会一切都跟着季氏干吗?”孔子说:“杀父亲、杀君主的事,他们也不会跟着干的。”

【评析】

孔子这里指出“以道事君”的原则,他告诫冉求和子路应当用周公之道去规劝季氏,不要犯上作乱,如果季氏不听,就辞职不干。由此可见,孔子对待君臣关系以道和礼为准绳的。这里,他既要求臣,也要求君,双方都应遵循道和礼。如果季氏干杀父杀君的事,冉求和子路就要加以反对。

 

1125 子路使子羔为费宰。子曰:“贼(1)夫人之子(2)。”子路曰:“有民人焉,有社稷(3)焉,何必读书,然后为学?”子曰:“是故恶(4)夫佞者。”

 

【注释】

(1)贼:害。

(2)夫人之子:指子羔。孔子认为他没有经过很好的学习就去从政,这会害了他自己的。

(3)社稷:社,土地神。稷,谷神。这里“社稷”指祭祀土地神和谷神的地方,即社稷坛。古代国都及各地都设立社稷坛,分别由国君和地方长官主祭,故社稷成为国家政权的象征。

 

【译文】

子路让子羔去作费地的长官。孔子说:“这简直是害人子弟。”子路说:“那个地方有老百姓,有社稷,治理百姓和祭祀神灵都是学习,难道一定要读书才算学习吗?”孔子说:“所以我讨厌那种花言巧语狡辩的人。”

 

1126 子路、曾皙(1)、冉有、公西华侍坐。子曰:“以吾一日长乎尔,毋吾以也(2)。居(3)则曰:‘不吾知也!’如或知尔,则何以哉(4)?”子路率尔(5)而对曰:“千乘之国,摄(6)乎大国之间,加之以师旅,因之以饥馑,由也为之,比及(7)三年,可使有勇,且知方也(8)。”夫子哂(9)之。“求,尔何如?”对曰:“方六七十(10),如(11)五六十,求也为之,比及三年,可使足民。如其礼乐,以俟君子。”“赤,尔何如?”对曰:“非曰能之,愿学焉。宗庙之事(12),如会同(13),端章甫(14),愿为小相(15)焉。”“点,尔何如?”鼓瑟希(16),铿尔,舍瑟而作(17),对曰:“异乎三子者之撰。”子曰:“何伤乎?亦各言其志也。”曰:“莫(18)春者,春服既成,冠者(19)五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂(20),风乎舞雩(21),咏而归。”夫子喟然叹曰:“吾与点也!”三子者出,曾皙后。曾皙曰:“夫三子者之言何如?”子曰:“亦各言其志也已矣。”曰:“夫子何哂由也?”曰:“为国以礼。其言不让,是故哂之。”唯(22)求则非邦也与?”“安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者?”“唯赤则非邦也与?”“宗庙会同,非诸侯而何?赤也为之小,孰能为之大?”

 

【注释】

(1)曾皙:名点,字子皙,曾参的父亲,也是孔子的学生。

(2)以吾一日长乎尔,毋以也:虽然我比你们的年龄稍长一些,而不敢说话。

(3)居:平日。

(4)则何以哉:何以,即何以为用。

(5)率尔:轻率、急切。

(6)摄:迫于、夹于。

(7)比及:比,音bì。等到。

(8)方:方向。

(9)哂:音shěn,讥讽地微笑。

(10)方六七十:纵横各六七十里。

(11)如:或者。

(12)宗庙之事:指祭祀之事。

(13)会同:诸侯会见。

(14)瑞章甫:端,古代礼服的名称。章甫,古代礼帽的名称。

(15)相:赞礼人,司仪。

(16)希:同“稀”,指弹瑟的速度放慢,节奏逐渐稀疏。

(17)作:站起来。

(18)莫:同“暮”。

(19)冠者:成年人。古代子弟到20岁时行冠礼,表示已经成年。

(20)浴乎沂:沂,水名,发源于山东南部,流经江苏北部入海。在水边洗头面手足。

(21)舞雩:雩,音yú。地名,原是祭天求雨的地方,在今山东曲阜。

(22)唯:语首词,没有什么意义。

 

【译文】

子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华四个人陪孔子坐着。孔子说:“我年龄比你们大一些,不要因为我年长而不敢说。你们平时总说:‘没有人了解我呀!’假如有人了解你们,那你们要怎样去做呢?”子路赶忙回答:“一个拥有一千辆兵车的国家,夹在大国中间,常常受到别的国家侵犯,加上国内又闹饥荒,让我去治理,只要三年,就可以使人们勇敢善战,而且懂得礼仪。”孔子听了,微微一笑。孔子又问:“冉求,你怎么样呢?”冉求答道:国土有六七十里或五六十里见方的国家,让我去治理,三年以后,就可以使百姓饱暖。至于这个国家的礼乐教化,就要等君子来施行了。”孔子又问:“公西赤,你怎么样?”公西赤答道:“我不敢说能做到,而是愿意学习。在宗庙祭祀的活动中,或者在同别国的盟会中,我愿意穿着礼服,戴着礼帽,做一个小小的赞礼人。”孔子又问:“曾点,你怎么样呢?”这时曾点弹瑟的声音逐渐放慢,接着“铿”的一声,离开瑟站起来,回答说:“我想的和他们三位说的不一样。”孔子说:“那有什么关系呢?也就是各人讲自己的志向而已。”曾皙说:“暮春三月,已经穿上了春天的衣服,我和五六位成年人,六七个少年,去沂河里洗洗澡,在舞雩台上吹吹风,一路唱着歌走回来。”孔子长叹一声说:“我是赞成曾皙的想法的。”子路、冉有、公西华三个人的都出去了,曾皙后走。他问孔子说:“他们三人的话怎么样?”孔子说:“也就是各自谈谈自己的志向罢了。”曾皙说:“夫子为什么要笑仲由呢?”孔子说:“治理国家要讲礼让,可是他说话一点也不谦让,所以我笑他。”曾皙又问:“那么是不是冉求讲的不是治理国家呢?”孔子说:“哪里见得六七十里或五六十里见方的地方就不是国家呢?”曾皙又问:”公西赤讲的不是治理国家吗?”孔子说:“宗庙祭祀和诸侯会盟,这不是诸侯的事又是什么?像赤这样的人如果只能做一个小相,那谁又能做大相呢?”

 

【评析】

孔子认为,前三个人的治国方法,都没有谈到根本上。他之所以只赞赏曾点的主张,因为曾点用形象的方法描绘了礼乐之治下的景象,体现了“仁”和“礼”的治国原则,这就谈到了根本点上。这一章,孔子和他的学生们自述其政治上的抱负,从中可以看出孔子的政治理想。

 

 

BOOK XI   XIAN JIN

 

11.1 The Master said, “The men of former times in the matters of ceremonies and music were rustics, it is said, while the men of these latter times, in ceremonies and music, are accomplished gentlemen. If I have occasion to use those things, I follow the men of former times.”

 

11.2 The Master said, “Of those who were with me in Chen and Cai, there are none to be found to enter my door.”

 

11.3 Distinguished for their virtuous principles and practice, there were Yan Youan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, and Zhonggong; for their ability in speech, Zai Wo and Zigong; for their administrative talents, Ran You and Ji Lu; for their literary acquirements, Ziyou and Zixia.

 

11.4 The Master said, “Hui gives me no assistance. There is nothing that I say in which he does not delight.”

 

11.5 The Master said, “Filial indeed is Min Ziqian! Other people say nothing of him different from the report of his parents and brothers.”

 

11.6 Nan Rong was frequently repeating the lines about a white scepter stone. Confucius gave him the daughter of his elder brother to wife.

 

11.7 Ji Kang asked which of the disciples loved to learn. Confucius replied to him, “There was Yan Hui; he loved to learn. Unfortunately his appointed time was short, and he died. Now there is no one who loves to learn, as he did.”

 

11.8 When Yan Youan died, Yan Lu begged the carriage of the Master to sell and get an outer shell for his son’s coffin. The Master said, “Every one calls his son his son, whether he has talents or has not talents. There was Li; when he died, he had a coffin but no outer shell. I would not walk on foot to get a shell for him, because, having followed in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot.”

 

11.9 When Yan Youan died, the Master said, “Alas! Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me!”

 

11.10 When Yan Youan died, the Master bewailed him exceedingly, and the disciples who were with him said, “Master, your grief is excessive!” “Is it excessive?” said he. “If I am not to mourn bitterly for this man, for whom should I mourn?”

 

11.11 When Yan Youan died, the disciples wished to give him a great funeral, and the Master said, “You may not do so.” The disciples did bury him in great style. The Master said, “Hui behaved towards me as his father. I have not been able to treat him as my son. The fault is not mine; it belongs to you, O disciples.”

 

11.12 Ji Lu asked about serving the spirits of the dead. The Master said, “While you are not able to serve men, how can you serve their spirits?” Ji Lu added, “I venture to ask about death?” He was answered, “While you do not know life, how can you know about death?”

 

11.13 The disciple Min was standing by his side, looking bland and precise; Zilu, looking bold and soldierly; Ran You and Zigong, with a free and straightforward manner. The Master was pleased. He said, “You, there! ---- he will not die a natural death.”

 

11.14 Some parties in Lu were going to take down and rebuild the Long Treasury. Min Ziqian said, “Suppose it were to be repaired after its old style; ---- why must it be altered and made anew?” The Master said, “This man seldom speaks; when he does, he is sure to hit the point.”

 

11.15 The Master said, “What has the lute of You to do in my door?” The other disciples began not to respect Zilu. The Master said, “You has ascended to the hall, though he has not yet passed into the inner apartments.”

 

11.16 Zigong asked which of the two, Shi or Shang, was the superior. The Master said, “Shi goes beyond the due mean, and Shang does not come up to it.” “Then,” said Zigong, “the superiority is with Shi, I suppose.” The Master said, “To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short.”

 

11.17 The head of the Chi family was richer than the duke of Zhou had been, and yet Qiu collected his imposts for him, and increased his wealth. The Master said, “He is no disciple of mine. My little children, beat the drum and assail him.”

 

11.18 Chai is simple. Shen is dull. Shi is specious. You is coarse.

 

11.19 The Master said, “There is Hui. He has nearly attained to perfect virtue. He is often in want. Ci does not acquiesce in the appointments of Heaven, and his goods are increased by him. Yet his judgments are often correct.”

 

11.20 Zizhang asked what were the characteristics of the good man. The Master said, “He does not tread in the footsteps of others, but moreover, he does not enter the chamber of the sage.”

 

11.21 The Master said, “If, because a man’s discourse appears solid and sincere, we allow him to be a good man, is he really a superior man? or is his gravity only in appearance?”

 

11.22 Zilu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard. The Master said, “There are your father and elder brothers to be consulted;-why should you act on that principle of immediately carrying into practice what you hear?” Ran You asked the same, whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and the Master answered, “Immediately carry into practice what you hear.” Gongxi Hua said, “You asked whether he should carry immediately into practice what he heard, and you said, ’There are your father and elder brothers to be consulted.’ Qiu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and you said, ’Carry it immediately into practice.’ I, Chi, am perplexed, and venture to ask you for an explanation.” The Master said, “Qiu is retiring and slow; therefore I urged him forward. You has more than his own share of energy; therefore I kept him back.”

 

11.23 The Master was put in fear in Kuang and Yan Yuan fell behind. The Master, on his rejoining him, said, “I thought you had died.” Hui replied, “While you were alive, how should I presume to die?”

 

11.24 Ji Ziran asked whether Zhongyou and Ran Qiu could be called great ministers. The Master said, “I thought you would ask about some extraordinary individuals, and you only ask about You and Qiu!” What is called a great minister, is one who serves his prince according to what is right, and when he finds he cannot do so, retires. “Now, as to You and Qiu, they may be called ordinary ministers.” Ziran said, “Then they will always follow their chief;-win they?” The Master said, “In an act of parricide or regicide, they would not follow him.”

 

11.25 Zilu got Zigao appointed governor of Fei. The Master said, “You are injuring a man’s son.” Zilu said, “There are, there, common people and officers; there are the altars of the spirits of the land and grain. Why must one read books before he can be considered to have learned?” The Master said, “It is on this account that I hate your glib-tongued people.”

 

11.26 Zilu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gongxi Hua were sitting by the Master. He said to them, “Though I am a day or so older than you, do not think of that. “From day to day you are saying, ‘We are not known.’ If some ruler were to know you, what would you like to do?” Zilu hastily and lightly replied, “Suppose the case of a state of ten thousand chariots; let it be straitened between other large cities; let it be suffering from invading armies; and to this let there be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables: ---- if I were entrusted with the government of it, in three years’ time I could make the people to be bold, and to recognize the rules of righteous conduct.” The Master smiled at him. Turning to Ran You, he said, “Qiu, what are your wishes?” Qiu replied, “Suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square, or one of fifty or sixty, and let me have the government of it;-in three years’ time, I could make plenty to abound among the people. As to teaching them the principles of propriety, and music, I must wait for the rise of a superior man to do that.” “What are your wishes, Chi,” said the Master next to Gongxi Hua. Chi replied, “I do not say that my ability extends to these things, but I should wish to learn them. At the services of the ancestral temple, and at the audiences of the princes with the sovereign, I should like, dressed in the dark square-made robe and the black linen cap, to act as a small assistant.” Last of all, the Master asked Zeng Xi, “Dian, what are your wishes?” Dian, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and rose. “My wishes,” he said, “are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen.” “What harm is there in that?” said the Master; “do you also, as well as they, speak out your wishes.” Dian then said, “In this, the last month of spring, with the dress of the season all complete, along with five or six young men who have assumed the cap, and six or seven boys, I would wash in the I, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home singing.” The Master heaved a sigh and said, “I give my approval to Dian.” The three others having gone out, Zeng Xi remained behind, and said, “What do you think of the words of these three friends?” The Master replied, “They simply told each one his wishes.” Xi pursued, “Master, why did you smile at You?” He was answered, “The management of a state demands the rules of propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him.” Xi again said, “But was it not a state which Qiu proposed for himself?” The reply was, “Yes; did you ever see a territory of sixty or seventy li or one of fifty or sixty, which was not a state?” Once more, Xi inquired, “And was it not a state which Chi proposed for himself?” The Master again replied, “Yes; who but princes have to do with ancestral temples, and with audiences but the sovereign? If Chi were to be a small assistant in these services, who could be a great one?